1选择题
Choose the best answer. Which of the following sentences correctly uses the emphatic structure (It is/was ... that/who ...) to emphasize the subject "UNESCO" in the sentence "UNESCO has protected many cultural sites around the world"?
- A. It is UNESCO who has protected many cultural sites around the world.
- B. It is UNESCO which has protected many cultural sites around the world.
- C. It was UNESCO that protected many cultural sites around the world is well known.
- D. It is that UNESCO has protected many cultural sites around the world.
答案：A
解析：强调句型的结构为 It is/was + 被强调部分 + that/who + 其余部分。去掉 It is 和 who/that 后，句子成分应完整：UNESCO has protected many cultural sites around the world，成分完整，故为强调句。强调人（或拟人化的组织）作主语时可用 who，也可用 that；但强调物时不能用 which，故 B 错。C 项把强调句与后面的主语从句杂糅，结构混乱。D 项多加了 that，被强调部分前不应有引导词。易错点：①误用 which 指代人；②混淆强调句与主语从句——主语从句去掉 It is ... that 后句子不完整；③改写后剩余部分的动词形式被错误改动。故选 A。
2选择题
Complete the sentence with the correct relative pronoun.
The professor ________ lecture on world languages attracted hundreds of students has been invited to our school again.
- A. who
- B. whom
- C. whose
- D. which
答案：C
解析：本题考查定语从句关系代词的选择，重点辨析 who / whom / whose / which。空格后的 lecture 在从句中与 the professor 构成所属关系，即 the professor's lecture（这位教授的讲座），表示所属关系必须用 whose，whose 既可指人也可指物。易错点：① 看到先行词是人就机械选 who，但 who 在从句中作主语或宾语，本处从句主语是 lecture，who 无法表达“他的讲座”；② whom 只能作宾语，不能表示所属；③ which 只能指物，不能指人。故选 C。
3选择题
Choose the best answer to complete the sentence.
The new online translation tool ________ by the research team next month, so students will be able to practise their language skills more freely.
- A. tests
- B. is tested
- C. is testing
- D. will be tested
答案：D
解析：本题考查被动语态与时态的结合运用，重点辨析主动与被动、现在与将来。句意：这款新的在线翻译工具下个月将由研究团队测试。主语 The new online translation tool 是动作 test 的承受者，须用被动语态 be + 过去分词，by the research team 提示动作执行者；再由时间状语 next month 判断为将来时间，故用一般将来时的被动语态 will be + 过去分词，即 will be tested。易错点：① 只看到 by 就想到被动，却忘记结合时间状语判断时态，误选 B；② 误把工具当作动作执行者，用主动语态 tests 或 is testing；③ 被动语态构成记错，写成 will tested（漏掉 be）。故选 D。
4填空题
根据短文内容，用括号内所给词的适当形式填空，或在空白处填入一个恰当的连接词，使句子语法正确、语义通顺。
English is spoken as a first language in many countries, but it is also learned and used by millions of people who are not (1) ________ (speak) of it. A person who uses a language easily and naturally is described as (2) ________ (fluent) in that language. It is necessary (3) ________ learners to build up a large vocabulary, because words are the building blocks of any language. It is careless (4) ________ some students to ignore the spelling of new words. (5) ________ surprises most beginners is that many English words come from other languages. The truth is (6) ________ English has borrowed thousands of words from Latin, French and Greek. Every year new words are created and old words (7) ________ (use) in new ways. English is spoken in more than fifty countries, and it (8) ________ (learn) as a foreign language in almost every country of the world.
答案：(1) speakers (2) fluent (3) for (4) of (5) What (6) that (7) are used (8) is learned / is learnt
解析：本题集中考查本单元核心概念辨析。(1) speak 的名词形式 speaker，前面有 not 且指人，用复数 speakers，易错写成 speaking/speakers 混用。(2) be described as 后接形容词作表语，用 fluent，不可用 fluently。(3)(4) 是 of/for 辨析：necessary 描述 to build up 这件事的性质，用 for；careless 描述 some students 的品质特征，用 of。判断依据是形容词指向「事」还是指向「人」。(5) 从句 ___ surprises most beginners 中，从句缺主语，须用 what（= the thing that），若用 that 则从句无主语、句子不成立。(6) 表语从句 we are running out of time 结构完整、不缺成分，只能用 that（仅连接、不作成分）；若误用 what 则多余。(7)(8) 考查被动语态 be + 过去分词：words 与 use/learn 是被动关系，且 (7) 有 every year 用一般现在时，主语为复数用 are used；(8) 主语为 it 用 is learned。易错点：过去分词拼写（used/learned）、be 动词单复数选错、把被动写成主动。
5解答题
语法改写与辨析（共 4 小题）
(1) 将下列句子改为被动语态：People speak English in many countries around the world.
(2) 将下列句子改为被动语态：The team launched a new language-learning app last month.
(3) 用强调句型改写句子，强调时间状语 "in 1945"：The United Nations was founded in 1945.
(4) 用定语从句合并下列两个句子，并说明关系词在从句中充当什么成分：I will never forget the reason. He gave up learning the language for that reason.
要求：每小题写出完整句子；第(4)小题须注明关系词在从句中的成分。
答案：(1) English is spoken in many countries around the world.
(2) A new language-learning app was launched by the team last month.
(3) It was in 1945 that the United Nations was founded.
(4) I will never forget the reason why/for which he gave up learning the language. 关系词 why（＝for which）在定语从句中作原因状语。
参考说明：
(1) 原句为一般现在时，被动结构为 am/is/are + 过去分词，故用 is spoken；施动者为泛指的 people，可省去 by 短语。
(2) 原句为一般过去时（last month 为标志），被动结构为 was/were + 过去分词，故用 was launched；by the team 保留施动者。
(3) 强调句结构为 It was + 被强调部分 + that + 其余部分；强调时间状语用 that，不用 when。去掉 It was ... that 后句子成分完整：The United Nations was founded in 1945。
(4) 先行词为 reason，且关系词在从句中作原因状语（从句 he gave up learning the language 主谓宾完整、不缺成分），故用关系副词 why 或 for which，不能用 which/that 直接作状语。
解析：本题综合考查被动语态、强调句型与定语从句关系词的辨析。
(1) 易错：把 is 误写成 are（主语 English 为不可数名词，视为单数）；或写成 English is speak / English is spoke，过去分词形式错误；漏掉被动结构中的 be 动词。
(2) 易错：时态不一致，写成 is launched，忽略了 last month 这一明确的过去时间状语；或写成 was launch，过去分词错；by 短语中的施动者 the team 被错误省略或写错位置。
(3) 易错：强调时间状语误用 when——强调句只能用 that（指人作主语时可用 who），when 用于定语从句；或写成 It was in 1945 when ...，与定语从句混淆；或写成 It is in 1945 that ...，时态应与原句一致用 was。
(4) 易错：先行词虽为 reason，但若从句缺宾语/主语则不能用 why；本题从句 he gave up learning the language 成分完整，why 作原因状语，故用 why 或 for which。若写成 the reason which he gave up ... 则关系词充当状语的位置错误。判断技巧：分析定语从句是否缺少主语或宾语——不缺则用关系副词（when/where/why），缺则用关系代词（who/whom/which/that）。
核心规律：被动语态＝be + 过去分词，be 的时态随原句时态；强调句去掉 It is/was 和 that/who 后句子仍完整。
6解答题
阅读下面短文，按要求完成文后各题。
Languages around the world are changing all the time. As we all know, English has become an international language, which is used in science, business and travel. New words are created every year, and some old words are given new meanings. For example, the word "cloud" once meant only a white shape in the sky, but now it is also used to describe a place where computer information is stored. It is important for young people to learn how words change, and it is unwise of them to refuse new usages without thinking.
1. 分析短文中 "As we all know" 的语法功能，并说明此处为什么用 as 而不用 which 引导非限制性定语从句。
2. 指出短文中含被动语态的两个句子，并分别写出其主动语态形式。
3. 用所给动词的适当形式填空并说明理由：If I ________ (be) a native speaker of English, I ________ (speak) it more naturally.
4. 用非谓语动词改写句子：The new word which is used by young people today comes from the Internet.
答案：1. "As we all know" 是 as 引导的非限制性定语从句，指代后面整个主句的内容，意为「正如我们都知道的」。用 as 而不用 which 的原因：as 有「正如」的含义，常与 know, see, expect 等动词连用，且位置灵活（可置于句首、句中、句末）；which 只指代前述事实、不含「正如」之意，且通常只能位于主句之后，不能放在句首。
2. ① English has become an international language, which is used in science, business and travel. 主动语态：People use English in science, business and travel. ② some old words are given new meanings. 主动语态：People give some old words new meanings.（或：We give some old words new meanings.）
3. were; would speak。理由：该句表达与现在事实相反的虚拟条件句，if 从句用一般过去时，be 动词不论人称一律用 were；主句用 would/could/might + 动词原形，故填 would speak。
4. The new word used by young people today comes from the Internet.（过去分词短语 used by young people today 作后置定语，相当于 which is used...，表示被动与完成。）
解析：本题为概念辨析型综合题，层层递进。(1) as 与 which 的辨析是高频易错点：两者都可指代整个主句，但 as 含「正如」且位置灵活，which 仅指事实、只能后置；学生常误用 that（that 不能引导非限制性定语从句），也常把 as 从句误解为原因状语从句。(2) 被动语态 be + 过去分词的识别与主被动转换：注意 by 后接动作执行者，改主动时要补出执行者 people/we，且时态保持一致（has become 不变，is used→use，are given→give）。易错点：漏写执行者、转换后动词单复数错。(3) 虚拟语气：与现在事实相反，if 从句用过去式且 be 一律用 were（不可写 was），主句必须带 would 等情态动词 + 动词原形。易错点：受真实条件句影响写成 If I am... I will speak...；或主句漏掉 would。(4) 非谓语改写：which is used... 为被动含义，用过去分词短语作后置定语。易错点：误用现在分词 using（变成主动）、逻辑主语与非谓语关系判断错、误加 being。
7解答题
按要求改写下列句子，注意时态、语态与助动词的正确使用。
1. The students discussed the history of Chinese characters last Friday.（改为一般疑问句）
2. She wrote a report on English dialects yesterday evening.（改为否定句）
3. Many people speak English as a second language.（改为被动语态）
4. The village was destroyed by the earthquake last night.（改为主动语态）
答案：1. Did the students discuss the history of Chinese characters last Friday?
2. She didn't write a report on English dialects yesterday evening.
3. English is spoken as a second language by many people.
4. The earthquake destroyed the village last night.
解析：本题把一般过去时句型转换与被动语态放在一起对比考查。
第1句：一般过去时变一般疑问句，须借助助动词 Did，且主语后的 discussed 必须还原为原形 discuss。易错点：写成 "Did the students discussed..."，动词未还原。
第2句：变否定句同样借助 didn't，wrote 还原为 write。易错点：受中文习惯影响写成 "She wrote not..."，或写成 didn't wrote。
第3句：主动变被动，宾语 English 提前作主语，谓语用 "is + 过去分词 spoken"，原主语放在 by 后。易错点：过去分词写错（如 speaked）；把 be 动词写成 are（主语 English 是不可数名词，视为单数）。
第4句：被动变主动，by 后的 the earthquake 作主语，was destroyed 变为 destroyed。易错点：仍保留 was，写成 "The earthquake was destroyed the village"，主被动混淆。
核心规律：一般过去时的疑问与否定都靠 did/didn't，且谓语动词还原原形；被动语态 = be + 过去分词，by 后接动作执行者。
8解答题
用括号内所给动词的适当形式填空，并说明理由。
1. ________ (see) from the top of the hill, the city looks very beautiful.
2. ________ (walk) along the river, we talked about how languages change over time.
3. The book ________ (write) by a native speaker of English is popular among students.
4. ________ (compare) with Chinese, English has a simpler writing system.
5. While I ________ (read) an article about language learning, my sister came in and asked me a question.
答案：1. Seen（过去分词，表被动：城市被看）
2. Walking（现在分词，表主动：我们走）
3. written（过去分词作后置定语，表被动：书被写）
4. Compared（过去分词，表被动：英语被比较）
5. was reading（过去进行时；while 引导的时间状语从句接延续性动词）
解析：本题综合考查非谓语动词作状语/定语与状语从句的时态配合，是本单元的难点。
第1、4句：逻辑主语分别是 the city 和 English，与 see、compare 之间是被动关系，故用过去分词 Seen / Compared。易错点：看到句中没有主语就随手写 doing，忽略被动关系。
第2句：逻辑主语 we 与 walk 之间是主动关系，且动作与主句谓语同时进行，用现在分词 Walking。易错点：与第1句混用，未判断主动/被动。
第3句：write 与 the book 是被动关系，用过去分词 written 作后置定语，相当于定语从句 which was written by...。易错点：写成 writing，误以为是主动；或写成 wrote，误用谓语形式。
第5句：while 引导的时间状语从句表示"在……期间"，须接延续性动词，用过去进行时 was reading，与主句一般过去时 came 呼应（正在读书时突然……）。易错点：用一般过去时 read，丢失"正在进行"的含义；或把 while 与短暂性动词搭配。
总结：判断非谓语形式的突破口是找逻辑主语，看主动还是被动；状语从句则要分析动作的持续性与时间关系。