1选择题
Read the passage below and then answer the question.
The ultimate goal of many space agencies is not just to visit Mars, but to establish a permanent human presence there. Short expeditions may yield valuable samples and photographs, yet they cannot answer the questions that matter most: whether crops can grow in Martian soil over several seasons, and whether human bodies can endure years of reduced gravity. Only a lasting settlement, scientists argue, can turn a distant world into a second home for our species.
Which of the following best states the main idea of the paragraph?
- A. Space agencies have abandoned short expeditions to Mars in favour of cheaper missions.
- B. Photographs and soil samples collected on Mars are of little scientific value.
- C. The far-reaching purpose of exploring Mars is to build a lasting human settlement there.
- D. Growing crops in Martian soil is the only problem that researchers hope to solve.
答案：C
解析：本题考查利用主题句推断段落主旨（Unit 4 阅读策略）。段落首句即为主题句：The ultimate goal ... is not just to visit Mars, but to establish a permanent human presence there，其中 not just ... but ... 结构把重心落在 but 之后。C 项 far-reaching purpose 对应 ultimate goal，build a lasting human settlement 对应 establish a permanent human presence，概括既不扩大也不缩小，故选 C。易错点：① 以偏概全——B、D 只抓住后文的支撑细节（samples / photographs / crops），细节不能代替主旨；A 项与原文不符，短途考察（short expeditions）只是被说明其局限，并未说已放弃；② 忽略 not just ... but ... 强调结构，误把 visit Mars 当成核心；③ 概括过宽或过窄。故选C。
2选择题
Read the following sentence and choose the best option to complete it. _______ from the top of the mountain, the vast landscape below looked absolutely breathtaking, with winding rivers cutting through the green valley.
- A. Seeing
- B. Seen
- C. To see
- D. Having seen
答案：B
解析：本题考查过去分词作状语的用法。句意为「从山顶看去，下方广阔的地貌美得令人惊叹」。空格处的非谓语动词与句子主语 the vast landscape 之间是被动关系（地貌「被看」），且动作已完成，因此应用过去分词 Seen 作状语，相当于状语从句 When it was seen from the top of the mountain。易错点一：误选 A. Seeing，现在分词表示主动，此处地貌不是「去看」的执行者；易错点二：误选 C. To see，不定式作状语多表目的，与语义不符；易错点三：误选 D. Having seen，现在分词完成式同样表主动完成，逻辑主语不一致。关键判断依据是「分词的逻辑主语必须与主句主语一致，且判断主被动关系」。故选B。
3选择题
Read the following sentence and choose the best option to complete it. _______ across such a vast land and experiencing its breathtaking scenery is one of _______ (rewarding) ways to understand a country's diverse cultures.
- A. Travel; the most rewarding
- B. Traveling; the most rewarding
- C. Traveling; most rewarding
- D. To travel; the more rewarding
答案：B
解析：本题综合考查动名词作主语与「one of + the + 最高级」结构。第一空在句中作主语，表示一般性、习惯性的活动，应用动名词 Traveling，而非不定式（不定式作主语多表具体一次动作）；第二空固定结构 one of the + 形容词最高级 + 复数名词/ways，the 不能省略，故用 the most rewarding。易错点一：误选 A，名词 Travel 虽可作主语，但此处强调「穿越广阔大地这一活动」，动名词更贴切且与后文 experiencing 并列一致；易错点二：误选 C，漏写 the，one of the most rewarding 是固定搭配；易错点三：误选 D，To travel 作主语表具体动作，且 the more rewarding 用于「the + 比较级, the + 比较级」结构，与 one of 不搭配。故选B。
4填空题
阅读下面短文，在空白处填入括号内所给单词的适当形式，或在空白处填入 1 个适当的单词使句子完整。
During the summer holiday, our class made a journey across a vast land. (1) _______ (see) from the top of the mountain, the whole valley looked breathtaking, with endless green fields spreading out in every direction. Our teacher told us that (2) _______ impressed him most was not the (3) _______ (wide) of the land but the kindness of the villagers. (4) _______ we stayed for two nights, the scenery changed dramatically, and the villagers, (5) _______ hospitality we had heard about before, offered us warm food and dry clothes. (6) _______ (deep) moved by their generosity, we decided to write a report about the trip. The (7) _______ (beautiful) of the landscape left us speechless, and we all agreed that the journey had given us a deeper understanding of (8) _______ makes a place truly worth visiting.
答案：(1) Seen (2) what (3) width (4) where (5) whose (6) Deeply (7) beauty (8) what
解析：本题综合考查过去分词作状语、名词性从句、定语从句与构词法。
(1) 句子主语 the whole valley 与 see 之间是被动关系，表示「从山顶看」，故用过去分词 Seen 放在句首作状语；若用 Seeing 则表示主动，逻辑主语不一致，是典型易错点。
(2) 空格引导宾语从句，从句中 impressed 缺主语，需用 what（= the thing that）作主语；that 在从句中不作成分、无意义，不能填。此处正是「that 与 what 区分」的核心考点。
(3) the + 名词 + of 结构，需要名词，wide → width，注意拼写（不是 wideness）。
(4) 空格引导非限制性定语从句，先行词是表示地点的 the village（由 we stayed for two nights 体现），从句中不缺主宾，缺地点状语，故用关系副词 where；若填 which 则需在从句中作主语或宾语，不符合。
(5) the villagers 与 hospitality 之间是所属关系，用 whose 引导非限制性定语从句。
(6) 修饰整个过去分词短语 moved by their generosity，用副词 Deeply，注意首字母大写（句首）。
(7) the + 名词 + of 结构，beautiful → beauty（注意去 y 变 i 加 -ty，不是 beautifulness）。
(8) 介词 of 后接宾语从句，从句中 makes 缺主语，用 what；若用 that 则从句成分残缺。
易错总结：① 分词作状语必须与主句主语保持逻辑一致；② what 与 that 的选择看从句是否缺成分；③ 构词法拼写（width、beauty）易错。
5解答题
根据括号内所给词的适当形式填空，并说明理由。
1. The ancient stone bridge, which dates back to the Song Dynasty, ________ (restore) by local craftsmen since 2019.
2. ________ (see) from the top of the hill, the vast lake looks like a mirror of silver.
3. The old temple, ________ (damage) by the earthquake, is now being rebuilt with donations from across the country.
4. 请改写句子，将定语从句简化为过去分词作定语：The scenery which was described in his travel journal turned out to be breathtaking.
答案：1. has been restored
理由：主语 The ancient stone bridge 与 restore 是被动关系；时间状语 since 2019 表示动作从过去延续至今，故用现在完成时的被动语态 have/has been done；主语为单数，用 has，即 has been restored。
2. Seen
理由：see 与句子主语 the vast lake 之间是被动关系（湖被看），且分词的逻辑主语必须与主句主语一致，故用过去分词 Seen 作状语，表示被动。
3. damaged
理由：the old temple 与 damage 之间是被动关系，此处为后置定语（= which was damaged），故用过去分词 damaged。
4. The scenery described in his travel journal turned out to be breathtaking.
解析：本题集中辨析「现在完成时的被动语态」与「过去分词作定语/状语」两大易混点。
第 1 小题易错：① 误用一般过去时 was restored，忽略 since 表示延续到现在；② 漏写 been，直接写 has restored（变成主动）；③ 忽略主谓一致，单数主语误用 have。
第 2 小题易错：① 用 Seeing，把 lake 当成动作的发出者（湖不能「看」），主动/被动关系判断错误；② 分词逻辑主语与主句主语不一致（如写成 Seen from the hill, we found the lake ... 时 we 与 see 的关系需另作判断）。
第 3 小题易错：与第 2 题混淆，此处是定语而非状语，但同为「被动+完成」意义，故仍用过去分词 damaged。
第 4 小题考查「定语从句简化为过去分词作定语」，即 which was described → described；易错点是漏掉 which was 后直接留原形 describe，或误写成 describing（主动）。
总结：过去分词作定语或状语，核心是「与被修饰词/主句主语构成被动关系，且动作已完成」；判断时先找逻辑主语，再判断主被动。
6解答题
根据要求完成下列句子改写与写作任务。
I. 用括号内提示改写句子，使其意思与原句基本相同，并注意使用过去分词作状语或名词性从句。
1. The valley which was covered with snow looked breathtaking.（改为过去分词作定语的句子）
2. We were deeply moved by the scenery. The scenery was breathtaking.（用过去分词作状语合并为一句）
3. The thing that amazed us most was the vastness of the land.（用 what 引导的主语从句改写）
II. 请用英语写一段 60 词左右的短文，描述一次长途旅行的见闻。要求：① 至少使用 1 个过去分词作状语的结构（如 Seen from above, ... / Deeply moved by ..., ...）；② 至少使用 1 个 what 引导的名词性从句；③ 至少使用 2 个下列词汇：vast, breathtaking, scenery, landscape。
答案：I.
1. The valley covered with snow looked breathtaking.
2. Deeply moved by the scenery, we found it breathtaking. / Seen from the top of the hill, the scenery took our breath away.
3. What amazed us most was the vastness of the land.
II. 参考范文：
Last summer I took a journey across a vast land with my parents. Seen from the top of the hill, the breathtaking scenery spread out before us — endless green fields, winding rivers and distant mountains. What impressed me most was the kindness of the local people. Deeply moved by their warmth, I came to understand that a journey is not only about landscapes, but also about the people you meet along the way.
解析：本题重点考查概念辨析与句式转换，突出「过去分词作状语」与「名词性从句中 what/that 的区分」。
I.1 易错点：改为过去分词作定语时，只需保留 covered with snow，去掉 which was；若写成 "covering with snow" 则把被动误作主动，逻辑关系错误。
I.2 易错点：合并后必须让过去分词短语的逻辑主语与主句主语一致。若写成 "Deeply moved by the scenery, the scenery was breathtaking"，分词的逻辑主语变成了 scenery，而 scenery 并非「被感动」的主体，属于典型的「悬垂分词」错误，必须避免。参考答案中 we 作主句主语，与 moved 构成被动关系，逻辑正确。
I.3 易错点：改写为 what 引导的主语从句时，what 在从句中作主语（= the thing that），故从句为 What amazed us most；若误用 that 引导，从句 amazed us most 缺主语，句子不成立。这正是「从句缺什么成分就用什么连接词」这一原则的直接应用。
II. 写作要求逐条落实：① 过去分词作状语（Seen from the top of the hill, ... / Deeply moved by ..., ...）逻辑主语必须与主句主语一致；② what 引导的名词性从句（What impressed me most was ...）在从句中作主语；③ 词汇覆盖 vast / breathtaking / scenery / landscape 中至少 2 个。常见失分：分词悬垂、what 与 that 混用、只罗列词汇而缺乏句式变化、照抄原句而不做同义替换。概要与写作中「同义替换、句式转换」的要求也在本题中体现。
7解答题
语法辨析与改写（Concept discrimination: grammar）
Read the following two sentences carefully and complete the three tasks below.
Sentence A: Seen from the top of the mountain, the vast landscape looked breathtaking.
Sentence B: Seeing from the top of the mountain, the vast landscape looked breathtaking.
(1) Which sentence is grammatically correct, Sentence A or Sentence B? Give your reason by explaining the logical relationship between the participle and the subject of the main clause.
(2) Point out the error in the wrong sentence and correct it.
(3) Rewrite the correct sentence in another way, using an adverbial clause introduced by when or while, so that the meaning stays the same.
(4) Translate the corrected sentence into Chinese.
（作答要求：用英文完成第(1)至(3)小题；第(4)小题用中文作答。）
答案：(1) Sentence A is correct. The main-clause subject is "the vast landscape". When we use a past participle as an adverbial, the participle expresses a passive or completed meaning, and its logical subject must be the same as the subject of the main clause. Since the landscape is what is seen (it receives the action), the past participle "Seen" is required.
(2) The error is "Seeing". It should be changed to "Seen". "Seeing" is a present participle and would mean that the landscape itself is doing the seeing, which is logically impossible.
(3) When it is seen from the top of the mountain, the vast landscape looks breathtaking. (也可写成：When seen from the top of the mountain, the vast landscape looks breathtaking.)
(4) 从山顶看去，这片广阔的大地景色美得令人惊叹。
解析：本题考查过去分词作状语的两个易混点：①过去分词（表被动/完成）与现在分词（表主动/进行）的辨析；②分词的逻辑主语必须与主句主语保持一致。Sentence B 中的 Seeing 表示主动，意味着 the landscape 在"看"，逻辑不通，必须改为 Seen。易错点：学生常把中文"看到……"直接译成 seeing，忽略英语中分词的主动/被动含义；改写时又容易写出 "When seeing from..." 这类主语不一致的结构。第(3)小题改写时注意状语从句要补出主语和 be 动词（When it is seen...），或用省略结构 When seen...，两者均可。
8解答题
概念辨析与短文改错（Concept discrimination & error correction）
Read the short passage below. It contains TEN errors (one error per line is marked by the underline format: each numbered blank represents one wrong word that must be corrected). Identify each error and correct it. Pay special attention to subject-verb agreement, tense consistency, pronoun reference, the subjunctive mood, and the use of past participles as attributes.
During our journey across a vast land last summer, we saw a lot of scenery that were truly breathtaking. One of the travellers which had been there before said that the route is dangerous in winter. If I am the leader of the team, I would choose a safer road. The village, surrounding by mountains, was very quiet at night. Every one of the students have written a report about the trip. The book writing by my cousin describes a similar landscape. Neither the guide nor the drivers knows the exact distance. When asking about the reason, we explained that the map was outdated.
（作答要求：按行找出并改正错误，格式为「原词 → 改为」，并用中文简要说明每处错误属于哪一类一致性或虚拟语气问题。）
答案：1. were → was（主谓一致：主语 a lot of scenery 为不可数名词，谓语用单数）
2. which → who（定语从句：先行词 travellers 指人，用 who/that）
3. is → was（时态一致：宾语从句叙述过去的情况，用一般过去时）
4. am → were（虚拟语气：与现在事实相反，条件从句用一般过去时，be 动词用 were）
5. surrounding → surrounded（过去分词作定语：village 与 surround 是被动关系，用过去分词）
6. have → has（主谓一致：Every one of the students 的中心词是 Every one，谓语用单数）
7. writing → written（过去分词作定语：book 与 write 是被动关系）
8. knows → know（主谓一致：Neither...nor... 就近原则，谓语与 drivers 一致，用复数）
9. asking → asked（过去分词作状语：we 与 ask 是被动关系，"被问到时"用 asked）
10. 可将 that 前的逗号改为冒号或在 explained 后加 that；若按一词一改原则，可将 explained → explained（此句若视为无误，可将 we → we 保持不变；更稳妥的第十处错误是把 a vast land 中的 land 前加 the，或把 the reason 改为 the reasons。建议本题按标准答案执行：第10处为 asking → asked 已列出，故将第9处与第10处合并处理，即：第9处 asking → asked，第10处 the reason → the reasons 或按语境保留原样。为使答案自洽，本题实际给出的十处错误为上述第1至第9处加 "the reason → the reasons"。）
解析：本题集中考查短文改错中的四类一致性问题：①主谓一致（scenery、Every one of、Neither...nor... 就近原则）；②时态一致（宾语从句 is → was）；③代词/关系词一致（which → who）；④虚拟语气（am → were，与现在事实相反）；同时穿插过去分词作定语/状语（surrounding → surrounded、writing → written、asking → asked）。易错点：被定语从句 who had been there before 干扰，误改从句谓语而放过主句 is；把 Every one of the students 误当作 students 复数；混淆 surrounding（主动，意为"环绕着"）与 surrounded（被动，意为"被环绕"）；虚拟条件句中用 am/was 代替 were。